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This comprehensive academic presentation, prepared by CELINE MALUMA MWAFULILWA (M.L.I.S.) and presented by Dr. Zulu Davy Wadula, details the principles and practices of citation and referencing for tertiary-level research. It emphasizes the importance of academic integrity, ethical scholarship, and avoiding plagiarism by properly acknowledging sources. The material explains the distinction between in-text citations and reference lists, focusing primarily on the Harvard (author-date) style with practical examples for various source types, including books, journal articles, government publications, conference proceedings, online resources, and personal communications. It also covers specific scenarios such as secondary referencing, citing images and tables, and formatting long quotations. This resource is essential for university students, postgraduate researchers, and academic staff engaged in thesis, dissertation, or any scholarly
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CITATION AND REFERENCING Presented by: Dr. Zulu Davy Wadula Prepared by: CELINE MALUMA MWAFULILWA M.L.I.S. Introduction Academic writing is about debate. Whatever the subject or topic, you need to read round the subject to research other people's ideas, and, if you use these ideas, give credit to the authors. Citing and Referencing - stating the sources of your ideas, facts and opinions. CITATIONS AND REFERENCING Why the need for citing and referencing? Research ethics, copyright laws, and courtesy to readers require authors to identify the sources of ideas, direct quotations and of any facts or opinions and arguments in the literature reviewed. Accurate citing and referencing strengthens proves the quality and integrity of your work. CITATIONS Citing refers to works of scholars and researchers whose works have been reviewed or cited in your work. Citations or in text citations are placed within sentences and paragraphs to indicate the source of information used. Many styles exist to convey the same information, but differ in presentation: author/date system: Harvard and APA style. numeric system: Vancouver style Whichever system you choose, must be agreed on by your supervisor and maintain consistence. The Harvard citation style The author/date are supplied within the text can easily be checked out in the reference list. Examples of in-text citations: Robert Jones Stern, then cite as: This was recommended in a recent study of inclusive primary education (Stern, 2002). Part of the statement, cite as: Stern (2002) did not support inclusive primary education. According to Stern (2002) health problems in…. Harvard examples cont. Two authors: (Brooks and Robinson, 2010) If direct quotation: (Robert, 2002: 97) or (Brooks and Robinson, 2010: 204) More than three authors: (Banda, et al., 1991) or (Banda, et al., 1991: 78). More than one pub. same author same year: Johnson (1994a). (Johnson, 1994b) Different authors same surname, use initials to differentiate them. Examples cont. Institution/organisation/association as author, e.g. (University of Zambia [UNZA], 1969). Later cite as: (UNZA, 1975: 55). When a work’s author is designated as “anonymous”, cite in the text the word (Anonymous, 1993) stated that.. A book of different chapters written by different authors, cite the author of the chapter. Citing Government pub (Department of Education, Science and Training, 2000) (Central statistics office, 2009). (Zambia. Ministry of Health, 2018) (Zimbabwe. Department Fisheries, 1999) (University Teaching Hospital, Department of Internal medicine, 2016) Conference proceeding paper: Cite author of the paper (Brown and Caste, 1990) Examples cont. No date of publication? Then use (n.d.) in place of the missing date. (Hillman, n.d.) Edited work? (Smith ed., 1976: 102) From different sources? Then use the chronological order. (Wallace, 1999) and (Brian, 2000) Secondary referencing: If Jones discusses the work by Smith, cite as, Smith (2009) as cited by Jones (2012) Examples cont. Personal communication Personal communications such as letters, memos, email msgs: Lowman, D. (17 January,1990). Pro Cite and Internet. Unpublished letter to Cross, P. Personal discussion or conversation: Cite as: (T. K. Henderson, personal communication, September 28, 1998). [ethics: seek permission from the person you want to cite] Citing images, tables and diagrams Provide an in text citation at the bottom of the table or diagram taken from someone else's work. Include the author, year and page to enable the reader to identify the source of data[treat as direct quotation; include a caption to describe it]: Skeleton on board (Smith, 2005: 33). If the source of the data is not the author's own, then treat as secondary source, cite e.g. United Nations (1975) cited in Smith (2005: 33) Quotation more than 40 words Direct quotation of more than 40 words, will require you to indent the passage and cite it e.g.: Clarke (1996: 58) further argued that Mathematics provides a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for abstraction, generalization and synthesis. It is the language of science and technology. It enables us to probe the natural universe and to develop new technologies that have helped us control and master our environment, and change societal expectations and standards of living. Referencing References is an alphabetical list of works cited in your work. An acknowledgement that you have used ideas, opinions, arguments etc of other scholars. Accurate referencing: is a component to good academic practice; any …
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