Hallmarks of Cancer by HAMUYUNI CHISAMBA – BSc.HB, MBChB in progress - Oncology-unza

Description

This detailed oncology presentation outlines the fundamental biological capabilities, known as hallmarks, that cancer cells acquire to enable malignant growth and progression. The material explains the original six hallmarks—sustained proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis—alongside two emerging hallmarks: evading immune destruction and deregulating cellular energetics. Each hallmark is explored through specific mechanisms, such as mutations in signaling pathways (e.g., RAS-RAF-MAPK), loss of tumor suppressor functions (e.g., p53, RB), telomerase activation, and metabolic reprogramming like the Warburg effect. The resource is essential for medical students, oncology trainees, and practitioners in Zambia, providing a structured, molecular-level understanding of cancer biology crucial for exam preparation and clinical insights in a tertiary medical education context. Download these comprehensive notes to deepen your grasp of the core principles driving carcinogenesis.