Hypercalcemia of Malignancy by - Oncology-unza

Description

This oncology presentation provides a detailed overview of hypercalcemia as a common paraneoplastic syndrome, focusing on its etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management. The material explains the regulation of calcium homeostasis by PTH and vitamin D, and outlines the primary mechanisms by which malignancies cause hypercalcemia: humoral hypercalcemia mediated by PTHrP (accounting for 80% of cases), local osteolytic hypercalcemia from bone metastases (notably in breast cancer and multiple myeloma), ectopic 1-alpha-hydroxylase activity (seen in lymphomas), and ectopic PTH production. Clinical manifestations across neurological, renal, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular systems are highlighted, alongside key investigations such as serum calcium, PTH/PTHrP levels, and ECG. Treatment strategies range from intravenous hydration and bisphosphonates (e.g., zoledronic acid) to calcitonin, denosumab, and corticosteroids. This resource is essential for medical students, oncology trainees, and practitioners in Zambia, offering structured, exam-focused content for understanding and managing hypercalcemia in cancer patients within a tertiary medical education setting. Download these comprehensive notes for thorough preparation and clinical application.