Description
This oncology presentation provides a comprehensive overview of cancer screening as a secondary prevention strategy, detailing its principles, ideal test characteristics, and specific applications for common malignancies. The material explains the rationale for screening, including early detection of asymptomatic cancers to reduce morbidity and mortality, and outlines the attributes of an ideal screening test: cost-effectiveness, specificity, sensitivity, accessibility, safety, and acceptability. Key screenable cancers are covered, with recommended methods and intervals for breast cancer (mammography, ultrasound, MRI), lung cancer (low-dose CT for high-risk individuals), cervical cancer (Pap smear, HPV testing), colorectal cancer (fecal occult blood tests, colonoscopy), and prostate cancer (PSA, digital rectal exam). The presentation also addresses biases in screening, such as volunteer and lead-time biases, and pitfalls like false positives and overdiagnosis. This resource is essential for medical students, oncology trainees, and practitioners in Zambia, offering structured, exam-focused content for understanding cancer screening protocols within a tertiary medical education framework. Download these detailed notes for thorough preparation on preventive oncology.
What's inside
SCREENING FOR CANCERS PRESENTER: RUTH SAKALA SCREENING THESE ARE SECONDARY PREVENTIVE METHODS IN WHICH EARLY THERAPUETIC INTERVENTION IS POSSIBLE THROUGH SCREENING OF ASYMPTOMATIC POPULATION AND THOSE SUCCEPTIBLE FOR CANCER AT AN EARLY STAGE THAN USUSAL. WHY SCREEN?? TO PREVENT OCCURANCE OF CANCERS TO DETECT ANY ASYMPTOMATIC CURABLE CANCERS. REDUCE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY TO AID TREATMENT IDEAL SCREENING TEST CHEAP SPECIFIC SENSITIVE ACCESSICIBLE SAFE ACCEPTABLE WHAT MAKES CANCER SCREENABLE? PREMALIGNANT STATE EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS BURDEN OF SUFFERING SCREENING METHODS. BIASES IN SCREENING TEST VOLUTEER/ SELETION BIAS- PARTICIPATION OF SCREENING BY DIFFERENT INDIVIDUALS. LENGTH BIAS SAMPLING-SLOW GROWING TUMORS (LESS AGGRESSIVE) VS FAST GROWING TUMORS (MORE AGGRESSIVE) LEAD TIME BIAS-FREQUENCE OF SCREENING LESS THAN DPCP PIT-FALLS OF SCREENING FALSE POSITIVES FALSE NEGATIVES OVER DIAGNOSIS ECONOMIC PROBLEMS BREAST CANCER SCREEN TESTS INCLUDE; BSE CBE ULTRASOUND MAMMOGRAPHY BREAST MRI LUNG CANCER RECOMMENDED IN; THOSE WHO HAVE A 20 YEAR PACK Hx BETWEEN 50-80 YRS NOT SMOKED FO MORE THAN 15 YRS TEST DONE; LOW DOSE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY CERVICAL CANCER SCREERING WHEN ITS DONE; STARTS AT 21YRS- REGARDLESS OF SEXUAL INVOLMENT AFTER INITIATION; EVERY 3YRS IN THOSE AGED BETWEEN 21-29 (CEVICAL CYTOLOGY ONLY); IF FEMALE HAS MORE RISK FACTORS IN THE AGE 21-29’ SCREEN IS DONE ANNUALLY. ABOVE 30 YRS, CYTOLOGY AND DNA TESTING FOR A HIGH RISK HPV EVERY 5YRS. TESTS DONE PAP SMEAR VISUALISATION UNDER LIGO- IODINE VISUALISATION UNDER ACETIC ACID COLORECTAL CANCER PRIMARY SCREENING TESTS INCLUDE; GUAIAC-BASED FECAL OCCULT BLOOD TEST FECAL IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST STOOL (FIT)-DNA TEST. OTHERS COLONOSCOPY FLEXIBLE SIGMOIDOSCOPY CT- COLONOSCOPY PROSTATE CANCER ITS DONE;ABOVE THE AGE OF 50 AND IN PEOPLE WITH LIFE EXPECTANCY ATLEAST 10YEARS. SCREENING TESTS; DIGITAL RECTAL EXAM PSA TITRES GENETIC SCREENING DONE WHEN THERE IS : FHx OR PERSONAL Hx SUGGESTING GENETIC CANCER SUCCEPTIBILITY. TEST WILL BE ADEQUATELY INTEPRETED AID IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT AND RELATIVES AT RISK E.G. THOSE WITH BRCA1/2, FAP THANK YOU
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