Topics for Internal Medicine
Find educational topics for Internal Medicine aligned with the Zambian tertiary curriculum.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder characterized by symmetric polyarthritis and systemic involvement, with significant implications for long-term disability and quality of life in Zambia. This topic explores the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, and comprehensive management of RA, tailored for Zambian tertiary students in medicine, …
Medical Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy
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This topic focuses on the medical and therapeutic strategies for achieving strict glycaemic control in pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). For Zambian medical students, it details the use of insulin regimens, including calculating daily requirements per trimester (0.7-1.0 units/kg/day) and the split between intermediate-acting and …
Addison's Disease: Diagnosis and Management
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This topic provides a comprehensive overview of Addison's disease (primary adrenal insufficiency), focusing on its autoimmune etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and long-term management. Designed for Zambian tertiary students in internal medicine, endocrinology, or clinical medicine programs, it covers the pathogenesis of autoimmune adrenalitis, the stages of disease progression, and …
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) with Lupus Nephritis
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) with renal involvement (Lupus Nephritis) is a complex autoimmune disorder covered in tertiary internal medicine and nephrology curricula for Zambian medical students. This topic delves into the pathogenesis involving autoantibodies and immune complex deposition, leading to multi-system inflammation. The syllabus focuses on diagnostic criteria (e.g., ACR …
Adrenal Insufficiency (Addisonian Crisis)
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Adrenal Insufficiency and Acute Adrenal Crisis (Addisonian Crisis) is a critical endocrinology and emergency medicine topic for tertiary medical students in Zambia. This module covers the pathophysiology of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid deficiency, which can be primary (Addison's disease) or secondary. The syllabus emphasizes the precipitating factors like infection or steroid …
Asbestos-Related Diseases: Clinical Spectrum
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This comprehensive internal medicine topic examines the full clinical spectrum of diseases caused by asbestos exposure, relevant to Zambian industrial and construction workers. You will learn about asbestosis (pulmonary fibrosis), pleural plaques, pleural effusions, diffuse pleural thickening, and malignant conditions including mesothelioma and lung cancer. The content covers clinical presentations, …
Hepatic Encephalopathy in Liver Disease
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Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE) is a major complication of liver cirrhosis and a key topic in hepatology for tertiary medical students in Zambia. This module explores the pathophysiology involving gut-derived nitrogenous substances like ammonia bypassing the liver and affecting cerebral function. The syllabus covers the spectrum of neuropsychiatric manifestations from subtle …
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Diagnosis and Prognostic Factors
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This topic provides an in-depth examination of the diagnostic criteria, serological markers, imaging findings, and prognostic indicators in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). You will study the 2010 ACR/EULAR classification criteria, the role of rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies, acute phase reactants (ESR, CRP), and imaging modalities such as …
Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Cough and Fever
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This topic provides a systematic approach to formulating a differential diagnosis for a patient presenting with chronic cough and fever, a common clinical scenario in Zambian medical practice. Aimed at tertiary medical students, it guides learners through the critical process of distinguishing between infectious causes like pulmonary tuberculosis, bacterial pneumonia, …