Cryptorchidism (undescended testicle) is the most well-established and significant risk factor for testicular germ cell tumors. A testicle that has not descended into the scrotum is at a significantly higher risk of malignant transformation, estimated to be 30-50 times greater than a normally descended testis. The risk remains elevated even if the condition is surgically corrected (orchiopexy), though surgery at an early age may reduce it. The exact mechanism is not fully understood but may involve higher intra-abdominal temperature, underlying genetic abnormalities, or abnormal germ cell development. Other risk factors include a family history of testicular cancer, personal history of testicular cancer in the contralateral testis, and Klinefelter syndrome.

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Zambia

• Joseph Soko – 101 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies