Transfusion-Induced Immunomodulation (TRIM) refers to the hypothesis that allogeneic blood transfusion can suppress the recipient's immune system, leading to clinically significant effects. Proposed mechanisms include: 1) Introduction of donor leukocytes or soluble factors that alter immune cell function. 2) Induction of regulatory T-cells or other immunosuppressive pathways. Potential clinical consequences attributed to TRIM include: a) **Increased risk of postoperative bacterial infections**. b) **Increased recurrence rates of certain cancers** after curative surgery (controversial). c) **Possible beneficial effect**: Prolonged survival of renal allografts in transplant patients (though modern immunosuppressants overshadow this). The evidence for TRIM is mixed and often confounded by the fact that patients needing transfusion are often sicker. The use of **leukoreduced blood products** was partly adopted to mitigate potential TRIM effects, although studies have not consistently shown clear benefit in reducing infection or cancer recurrence.

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Zambia

• Joseph Soko – 101 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies