Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) is a classic and common genetic cause of non-obstructive azoospermia. In this condition, the presence of an extra X chromosome leads to primary testicular failure. The testes are small and firm, and the seminiferous tubules are hyalinized and fibrotic, resulting in the inability to produce sperm (azoospermia). Men with Klinefelter syndrome also have hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, meaning low testosterone and elevated levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). While infertility was once considered absolute, sperm can sometimes be retrieved via testicular sperm extraction (TESE) for use with in vitro fertilization (IVF). The other options—vasectomy, CBAVD, and ejaculatory duct obstruction—are causes of obstructive azoospermia, where sperm production is normal but delivery is blocked.

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Zambia

• Joseph Soko – 101 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies