Pain assessment in nonverbal patients relies on behavioral observation tools to identify signs of discomfort since self-report is not possible. Commonly used scales include: PAINAD (Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia) evaluating breathing, vocalization, facial expression, body language, and consolability; FLACC (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) for children; and CPOT (Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool) for ICU patients. Nurses observe for behaviors like grimacing, guarding, agitation, moaning, or changes in vital signs. Documentation includes specific behaviors and interventions. Family/caregiver input on baseline behavior is valuable. Regular assessment ensures timely pain management. Non-pharmacological interventions (positioning, distraction) should be combined with analgesics as needed. Effective pain assessment improves quality of life and prevents suffering in vulnerable populations.

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Zambia

• Naomi Miselo – 31 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies