The four phases of pain physiology are: 1) Transduction (tissue damage converts to electrical signals via nociceptors), 2) Transmission (signals travel via A-delta and C fibers to spinal cord with neurotransmitters like glutamate and substance P), 3) Perception (brain processes pain in thalamus and cortex), and 4) Modulation (descending pathways release endogenous opioids like endorphins and enkephalins to inhibit pain).

Break down complex topics into smaller, manageable chunks for easier recall.

Zambia

• ivwananji siwale – 29 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies