University revision · Molecular Biology and Medical Genetics

DNA Proofreading and Repair

Question 1 of 4 Course: Biomedical Science(Degree)

Which enzyme is responsible for proofreading and correcting errors during DNA replication?

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A fracture of the **hyoid bone** (a small U-shaped bone in the anterior neck that supports the tongue) is **strongly associated with manual strangulation**. The hyoid, along with the thyroid cartilage of the larynx, can be fractured by compressive force applied to the neck. In **manual strangulation** (throttling), where an assailant uses their hands, the force is often focused and can crush these delicate bones. In **ligature strangulation** (using a cord or similar object), the force is more evenly distributed, making hyoid fractures less common but still possible, especially in older individuals whose bones are more ossified and brittle. It is important to note that hyoid fractures can also occur from other types of blunt force trauma to the neck and are very rare in children and young adults due to the flexibility of the bone. Therefore, while a hyoid fracture is a classic finding in strangulation cases, it is not conclusive on its own and must be interpreted in the context of other skeletal and soft tissue evidence.

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