The Papanicolaou (Pap) stain is typically used for sputum cytology to provide good nuclear and cytoplasmic detail. This stain uses a combination of haematoxylin, eosin, and other dyes to differentiate cellular components: nuclei stain blue-purple, keratinized cytoplasm stains orange-pink, and non-keratinized cytoplasm stains blue-green. It is the standard for cytological preparations because it highlights chromatin patterns, nucleoli, and cytoplasmic characteristics essential for diagnosing malignancies, infections, and reactive changes. Special stains like Ziehl-Neelsen may be added for detecting acid-fast bacilli.

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Zambia

• Joseph Soko – 101 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies