Respiration is the physiological process by which organisms exchange gases with their environment. In humans, this involves two interconnected processes: external respiration (breathing) where oxygen is inhaled into the lungs and carbon dioxide is exhaled, and internal respiration (cellular respiration) where oxygen is used by cells to produce energy and carbon dioxide is produced as waste. The respiratory system includes airways (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi), lungs, and respiratory muscles (diaphragm, intercostals). Effective respiration depends on patent airways, adequate lung compliance, proper gas exchange at alveoli, and sufficient circulation to transport gases. Nurses assess respiration by noting rate, rhythm, depth, effort, and sounds; abnormalities may indicate conditions like asthma, COPD, pneumonia, or respiratory failure requiring intervention.

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Zambia

• Joseph Soko – 101 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies