The primary cytological difference between high-grade and low-grade urothelial carcinoma in urine is the degree of nuclear atypia. High-grade carcinomas show marked nuclear pleomorphism, hyperchromasia, irregular chromatin distribution, prominent nucleoli, and high N/C ratios. Low-grade carcinomas have more uniform, slightly enlarged nuclei with mild hyperchromasia and preserved N/C ratios, making them difficult to distinguish from reactive changes. High-grade tumors are readily detected by cytology with high specificity, while low-grade tumors often have low sensitivity on cytology and require cystoscopic confirmation.

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Zambia

• Naomi Miselo – 31 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies