First-generation (typical) antipsychotics like haloperidol have the highest risk of causing tardive dyskinesia (TD), a potentially irreversible movement disorder characterized by involuntary, repetitive movements of face, tongue, limbs, and trunk. TD typically develops after months to years of antipsychotic use, though can occur earlier. Risk factors: older age, female gender, mood disorders, diabetes, and prolonged high-dose treatment. Prevention: use lowest effective dose; regular screening with Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS); consider atypical antipsychotics when appropriate. If TD develops: gradually reduce or discontinue antipsychotic if possible; switch to clozapine or quetiapine (lower TD risk); consider tetrabenazine or valbenazine for treatment. Nurses monitor for early signs (subtle tongue movements, finger tapping) and educate patients about risks. Second-generation antipsychotics have lower but not zero TD risk. Informed consent should include discussion of TD as potential side effect.

Break down complex topics into smaller, manageable chunks for easier recall.

Zambia

• Joseph Soko – 101 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies