University revision · Nutrition and Dietetics

Food Environment Analysis and Assessment

Question 1 of 8 Course: Biomedical Science(Degree)

Which of the following is a key recommendation for improving 'food environments' to promote healthy diets?

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Complement activation is the central mechanism that causes the rapid and severe intravascular hemolysis in an ABO-incompatible transfusion reaction. The naturally occurring anti-A and anti-B antibodies are predominantly IgM. IgM antibodies are exceptionally good at activating the classical complement pathway. When these antibodies bind to their corresponding A or B antigens on the mismatched donor red cells, they undergo a conformational change that allows them to bind and activate the C1 component of complement. This triggers the full complement cascade, leading to the formation of the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC, C5b-9) that punches holes in the donor red cell membrane. This causes immediate lysis of the red cells inside the blood vessels (intravascular hemolysis), releasing free hemoglobin, which is toxic to the kidneys, and other cellular debris. This massive complement activation also contributes to the systemic inflammatory response, hypotension, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) seen in severe reactions.

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