A key disadvantage of urine cytology in the detection of low-grade urothelial tumors is its low sensitivity. Low-grade tumors often have cytologically bland cells that closely resemble normal or reactive urothelial cells, with minimal nuclear atypia, slight hyperchromasia, and preserved N/C ratios. As a result, these lesions are frequently missed on cytology, leading to false-negative results. Cystoscopy with biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosing and monitoring low-grade urothelial neoplasms.

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Zambia

• Naomi Miselo – 31 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies