Daily weight measurement using the same scale, at the same time, with same clothing provides the most reliable indicator of fluid volume changes (1 kg weight change ≈ 1 liter fluid). Other assessments: intake/output (less accurate due to insensible losses); skin turgor (affected by age, nutrition); mucous membranes; edema; jugular venous distention; lung sounds; and laboratory values (BUN, creatinine, hematocrit, sodium). For accurate weights: use calibrated scale; measure at same time daily (usually morning after voiding); patient wear similar clothing; document consistently. Weight trends are more valuable than single measurements. In heart failure, sudden weight gain (>2 kg in 24 hours) indicates fluid retention needing intervention. Nurses educate patients about daily weights, symptom monitoring, and when to contact provider. Accurate fluid status assessment guides diuretic therapy, fluid restrictions, and prevents complications of overload or depletion.

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Zambia

• ivwananji siwale – 29 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies