Erythropoietin (EPO) is the glycoprotein hormone responsible for stimulating the production of red blood cells (erythropoiesis) in the bone marrow. It is primarily produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the peritubular capillary bed of the kidney in response to tissue hypoxia (low oxygen levels). EPO binds to receptors on erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow, promoting their survival, proliferation, and differentiation into mature red blood cells. This increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, which in turn provides negative feedback to reduce EPO production. Synthetic erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are used clinically to treat anemia, especially in chronic kidney disease patients. EPO abuse as a performance-enhancing drug in sports is banned because it increases red blood cell count, enhancing oxygen delivery to muscles.

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Zambia

• ivwananji siwale – 29 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies