The main difference in production is that monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single clone of identical immune cells, while polyclonal antibodies are derived from many different clones. **Monoclonal antibodies** are produced by fusing a single antibody-producing B-cell (from an immunized animal) with an immortal myeloma cell to create a hybridoma. This hybridoma clone is expanded, and all cells secrete identical antibodies targeting a single epitope. **Polyclonal antibodies** are produced by immunizing an animal with an antigen, then collecting the serum. This serum contains a heterogeneous mixture of antibodies produced by many different B-cell clones in the animal's immune system. These antibodies recognize multiple different epitopes on the same antigen. This fundamental difference leads to monoclonal antibodies being highly specific and consistent batch-to-batch, while polyclonal antibodies can be more sensitive but are more variable and prone to cross-reactivity.

Break down complex topics into smaller, manageable chunks for easier recall.

Zambia

• Naomi Miselo – 31 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies