Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is the key discriminator. Pure seminomas do NOT produce AFP. Therefore, an elevated serum AFP definitively indicates the presence of a non-seminomatous component (such as yolk sac tumor) within the testicular tumor, classifying it as an NSGCT or a mixed germ cell tumor. HCG can be elevated in both seminomas (in about 15-20% of cases) and NSGCTs, so it is not definitive for this differentiation.

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Zambia

• loveness Phiri – 1084 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies