Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a diagnostic procedure that involves instilling and retrieving sterile saline through a bronchoscope to sample cells and fluid from the alveolar spaces. It is particularly valuable for diagnosing interstitial lung diseases, opportunistic infections (especially Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia), and peripheral lung malignancies. BAL provides cellular material for differential cell counts, microbiological studies, and cytological examination. The procedure is especially useful when non-invasive methods like sputum cytology are inconclusive or when sampling of specific lung segments is required.

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Zambia

• Joseph Soko – 101 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies