In advanced cancers, TGF-β signaling undergoes a functional switch. Instead of suppressing growth, it promotes metastasis. A key mechanism is the induction of the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). TGF-β activates transcription factors (e.g., Snail, Slug, Twist) that cause cells to lose epithelial markers (like E-cadherin) and gain mesenchymal traits (like vimentin). This increases cell motility, invasiveness, and resistance to apoptosis, enabling cancer cells to disseminate from the primary tumor and colonize distant sites.

Break down complex topics into smaller, manageable chunks for easier recall.

Zambia

• ivwananji siwale – 29 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies