For cavitary lung lesions, detection of malignant cells in sputum can be improved by: 1) Collecting postural drainage specimens (patient positioned with cavity uppermost to facilitate drainage), 2) Inducing sputum with hypertonic saline to increase yield, 3) Examining necrotic or bloody portions of sputum carefully (cavities often contain necrotic material and blood), 4) Using concentration methods to concentrate sparse cells, 5) Preparing cell blocks from any tissue fragments, and 6) Correlating with imaging to know which side to emphasize. Cavitary lesions may be squamous cell carcinoma, tuberculosis, or fungal infection; cytology can help differentiate. However, bronchoscopy with biopsy is often needed for definitive diagnosis.

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Zambia

• Naomi Miselo – 31 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies