Hypercalcemia is the condition of having an abnormally high concentration of calcium in the blood serum (typically >10.5 mg/dL or 2.6 mmol/L). The most common causes are hyperparathyroidism (overactive parathyroid glands) and cancer (through bone metastasis or paraneoplastic syndromes). Symptoms of hypercalcemia are often remembered by the mnemonic 'stones, bones, groans, and psychiatric overtones': kidney stones (nephrolithiasis), bone pain, abdominal pain (groans) from constipation or pancreatitis, and neurological/psychiatric symptoms like confusion, fatigue, depression, and even coma in severe cases. It can also cause cardiac arrhythmias. Treatment focuses on lowering calcium levels with hydration, diuretics, and medications like bisphosphonates, while addressing the underlying cause, such as removing a parathyroid adenoma.

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Zambia

• Naomi Miselo – 31 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies