Molecular Typing Tools in Public Health Microbiology
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A reference range is established by measuring the biomarker in a large population of healthy individuals (and sometimes those with benign diseases). The upper limit of normal (cut-off) is typically set to include 95% or 99% of these healthy people. This creates a threshold to distinguish 'normal' from 'abnormal' results. A value above the cut-off suggests possible disease, but it must be interpreted in the clinical context due to the presence of false positives (the 5% or 1% of healthy people above the cut-off).
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