Research consistently shows that faulty family atmosphere and interaction patterns are the most significant interpersonal risk factors for developing schizophrenia. Dysfunctional family dynamics, including high expressed emotion, poor communication patterns, double-bind communications, and chaotic family environments create chronic stress that can trigger the onset of schizophrenia in genetically vulnerable individuals. These family factors include criticism, hostility, emotional over-involvement, and inconsistent messages that create confusion and stress. While lack of peer participation, rebellion against authority, and solo parenting can contribute to psychological distress, they are not as strongly associated with schizophrenia development as the overall family atmosphere and interaction patterns that shape early psychological development and stress response systems.

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Zambia

• ivwananji siwale – 29 pts

• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Nursing Care for Acute and Chronic Psychosis
• Reminiscence Therapy
• Positive and Negative Symptoms