The primary instrument used for this critical comparison is the **comparison microscope**. It is essentially two compound microscopes connected by an optical bridge, allowing the viewer to see a split-field image. The questioned bullet or cartridge case (e.g., from a crime scene) is placed under one microscope, and the known test-fired exemplar from a suspect weapon is placed under the other. The examiner can then align and compare the microscopic striations (on bullets) or impressions (on cartridge cases) across the dividing line in the field of view. If the patterns of individual characteristics match—meaning the striations or impressions are in continuous agreement—the examiner can conclude that both items were fired from the same firearm. The comparison microscope is fundamental to firearms and toolmark identification and has been a cornerstone of the discipline for nearly a century.

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