A primary benefit of using frozen sections is the **superior preservation of labile antigen epitopes**. Formalin fixation and the heat from paraffin embedding can denature, cross-link, or otherwise alter many protein structures, sometimes destroying the specific epitope recognized by an antibody. While antigen retrieval can reverse some of this damage, it is not always 100% effective. Frozen sections are prepared by rapidly freezing fresh tissue, cutting it in a cryostat, and then fixing it lightly or not at all before staining. This process avoids the harsh chemical and thermal treatments of FFPE processing, thereby preserving the native conformation of proteins. This makes frozen sections the gold standard for detecting many antigens, especially cell surface markers (CD antigens), some hormones, and immune complexes in diseases like lupus nephritis. The trade-off is that frozen sections generally have poorer morphological detail compared to the excellent architecture preserved in FFPE sections.

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Zambia

• Joseph Soko – 101 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
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• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies