Cell block preparation in urine cytology allows for additional sections for special stains (mucin, iron), immunohistochemistry (to differentiate tumor types), and molecular testing (FISH, mutation analysis). Cell blocks preserve architectural patterns better than smears, showing tissue fragments, papillary structures, or gland formation. They are particularly useful for: 1) Confirming adenocarcinoma vs. urothelial carcinoma, 2) Identifying squamous differentiation, 3) Performing prognostic markers (p53, Ki-67), and 4) Molecular profiling. However, they require adequate cellularity, so are best prepared from specimens with high yield like bladder washings.

Break down complex topics into smaller, manageable chunks for easier recall.

Zambia

• ivwananji siwale – 29 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies