A key and well-established concept is that PSA is prostate-specific, not cancer-specific. This means PSA is produced by both normal and malignant prostate epithelial (gland) cells. Its primary physiological function is to liquefy semen. Therefore, an elevated PSA level does not automatically mean cancer. Many benign conditions can raise PSA, including: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) due to increased prostate volume, prostatitis (inflammation or infection), urinary tract infections, recent ejaculation, prostate manipulation (like a digital rectal exam or biopsy), and even vigorous exercise like cycling. This lack of specificity is the major limitation of PSA screening, leading to many false positives and unnecessary biopsies. The other statements are false: PSA is not produced by the testis, it is used for monitoring after diagnosis, and age-adjusted ranges do exist.

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Zambia

• Joseph Soko – 101 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies