Developmental toxicity refers to any interference with normal growth and development that occurs before birth (prenatally) or during early postnatal life. One of its four major and most recognizable manifestations is the induction of structural abnormalities, also known as birth defects or congenital malformations. These are permanent physical changes in the structure of an organ or body part that arise during embryonic or fetal development. Examples include cleft palate, heart defects, neural tube defects like spina bifida, or limb malformations. These abnormalities occur because a toxicant disrupts the precise timing and sequence of cellular events—such as cell division, migration, differentiation, and programmed cell death—that are required to form complex tissues and organs.

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Zambia

• Joseph Soko – 101 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies