Cryptorchidism, or undescended testicle, is one of the most well-established and significant risk factors for testicular cancer. A testicle that has not descended into the scrotum is exposed to the higher core body temperature in the abdomen or inguinal canal, which is believed to create an environment conducive to cellular changes and malignant transformation. The risk is elevated even if the condition is surgically corrected (orchiopexy), though surgery performed at an early age can reduce the risk. Other risk factors include a family history of testicular cancer, personal history of testicular cancer in the other testicle, certain genetic conditions like Klinefelter syndrome, and possibly HIV infection. Race is also a factor, with testicular cancer being more common in white men than in men of African or Asian descent.

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Zambia

• Joseph Soko – 101 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies