The primary nursing intervention for gastrointestinal bleeding is stabilizing hemodynamics through fluid resuscitation and blood product administration while preparing for endoscopic intervention. GI bleeding presents as hematemesis (bright red or coffee-ground), melena (black tarry stools), or hematochezia (bright red rectal bleeding). Nursing actions: assess for shock (tachycardia, hypotension, pallor, dizziness); establish large-bore IV access; administer fluids and blood products as ordered; monitor vital signs frequently; keep NPO; prepare for endoscopy; administer proton pump inhibitors; and monitor hemoglobin/hematocrit. Nasogastric tube may be inserted for lavage and monitoring. Documentation includes bleeding characteristics, vital signs, and response to treatment. Patient education about causes (ulcers, varices, diverticulosis) and prevention (avoid NSAIDs, alcohol). Nurses also manage anxiety and prepare for possible surgery if bleeding uncontrolled. Upper vs lower GI bleeding have different causes and management approaches.

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Zambia

• Joseph Soko – 101 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies