Staying with the patient and speaking in a calm, reassuring voice provides safety and grounding during a panic attack. Panic attacks involve sudden intense fear with physical symptoms: palpitations, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, derealization, fear of dying/losing control. Nursing interventions: remain calm; use short simple sentences; guide slow breathing ('breathe with me'); reduce stimuli; ensure safety; and avoid crowding. After attack: discuss triggers; teach relaxation techniques; and develop coping plan. Medications (benzodiazepines PRN, SSRIs long-term) may be prescribed. Panic disorder involves recurrent unexpected attacks with worry about future attacks. Nurses educate about: panic as not dangerous though frightening; avoidance perpetuates disorder; and treatment effectiveness. Cognitive techniques: challenge catastrophic thoughts ('I'm having a heart attack'). Breathing retraining helps control hyperventilation. Support during attack reduces fear and prevents escalation.

Break down complex topics into smaller, manageable chunks for easier recall.

Zambia

• ivwananji siwale – 29 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies