Topics for Anatomy and Physiology
Find educational topics for Anatomy and Physiology aligned with the Zambian tertiary curriculum.
Polyarteritis Nodosa
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Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a systemic necrotizing vasculitis of medium-sized arteries, sparing small vessels (capillaries, venules). Therefore, PAN does NOT cause glomerulonephritis or pulmonary capillaritis. For Zambian students, PAN is a critical diagnosis associated with HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) infection (10-30% of cases), which is endemic in Zambia. Pathophysiology: necrotizing …
IgG4-Related Disease
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IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a fibroinflammatory condition characterized by tumor-like swelling of involved organs, dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate rich in IgG4+ plasma cells, storiform fibrosis, and frequently elevated serum IgG4 concentrations. For Zambian students, recognition is emerging; IgG4-RD mimics malignancy, infection, and other inflammatory diseases—diagnosis prevents unnecessary surgery, enables dramatic steroid …
Primary Biliary Cholangitis
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Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic, progressive, autoimmune cholestatic liver disease characterized by destruction of small-to-medium-sized intrahepatic bile ducts, leading to cholestasis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver failure. For Zambian students, PBC is a key differential diagnosis in middle-aged women presenting with unexplained fatigue, pruritus, and elevated alkaline phosphatase. Pathophysiology: …
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
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Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic, progressive cholestatic liver disease characterized by diffuse inflammation and fibrosis of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts, leading to multifocal bile duct strictures, cholestasis, cirrhosis, and an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma and colorectal cancer. For Zambian students, PSC is strongly associated with INFLAMMATORY …
Autoimmune Hepatitis
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Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic, progressive inflammatory liver disease of unknown etiology, characterized by interface hepatitis, hypergammaglobulinaemia, and circulating autoantibodies. It is highly responsive to immunosuppressive therapy. For Zambian students, AIH is a critical diagnosis—it is often misdiagnosed as viral hepatitis (which is endemic) or cirrhosis of unknown cause, …
IgG4-Related Sclerosing Cholangitis
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IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) is the biliary manifestation of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), characterized by bile duct strictures, cholestasis, and dramatic response to corticosteroids. It is a critical DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS (PSC) and PANCREATIC/BILLIARY MALIGNANCY. For Zambian students, recognition is essential—IgG4-SC is STEROID-RESPONSIVE, whereas PSC and malignancy are …
Drug-Induced Liver Injury
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Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an adverse hepatic reaction to medications, herbal products, or dietary supplements, ranging from asymptomatic transaminase elevation to acute liver failure. For Zambian students, DILI is a COMMON and UNDER-RECOGNIZED cause of liver disease, given the high prevalence of anti-tuberculous therapy (ATT), antiretrovirals (ARVs), and traditional …
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, encompassing a spectrum from simple steatosis (non-alcoholic fatty liver, NAFL) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with inflammation, hepatocyte injury, and fibrosis, progressing to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. For Zambian students, NAFLD is an EMERGING EPIDEMIC in …
Alcoholic Liver Disease
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Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) encompasses a spectrum of liver injury—hepatic steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis—caused by chronic excessive alcohol consumption. It remains a leading cause of cirrhosis and liver-related death worldwide and in Zambia. For Zambian students, ALD is HIGHLY PREVALENT and UNDERDIAGNOSED; ABSTINENCE IS LIFE-SAVING. Pathophysiology: ACETALDEHYDE (ethanol metabolite)—direct …