University revision · Microbiology

Arboviruses & Zoonotic Viruses

Question 1 of 2 Course: Biomedical Science(Degree)

Which of the following is a common vector for the transmission of dengue fever?

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The primary clinical application of urine cytology is the detection and monitoring of urothelial (transitional cell) carcinomas, particularly high-grade tumors of the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis. It is a non-invasive, cost-effective screening tool for patients with hematuria, those with a history of bladder cancer, or individuals exposed to occupational carcinogens like aniline dyes. Additionally, urine cytology aids in diagnosing urinary tract infections (bacterial, viral, fungal), identifying viral inclusions (e.g., CMV, polyomavirus), and assessing reactive changes due to stones, instrumentation, or therapy. While its sensitivity for low-grade tumors is limited, its high specificity for high-grade malignancies makes it invaluable in clinical management and follow-up.

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