University revision · Parasitology

Blastocystis hominis and Other Controversial Parasites

Question 1 of 8 Course: Biomedical Science(Degree)

Dientamoeba fragilis is classified as a flagellate.

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False. The TGF-β pathway has a dual role. In early-stage epithelial cancers, it acts as a tumor suppressor, and its inactivation (e.g., via SMAD4 mutations) promotes tumorigenesis. However, in advanced cancers, cancer cells often become resistant to its growth-inhibitory effects and co-opt the pathway to promote invasion, metastasis, and immune suppression, making it tumor-promotive.

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