The surgical procedure for the removal of the foreskin (prepuce) that covers the glans penis is called circumcision. It is one of the oldest and most commonly performed surgical procedures in the world. It can be performed for medical reasons (such as recurrent balanitis, phimosis, paraphimosis), religious/cultural reasons, or personal preference. Medical indications include conditions where the foreskin is too tight (pathological phimosis), cannot be retracted (leading to hygiene issues or infections), or becomes trapped behind the glans (paraphimosis, an emergency). Circumcision in infancy is associated with a reduced lifetime risk of urinary tract infections, penile cancer, and sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. The procedure involves excising a circumferential portion of the foreskin and suturing the remaining skin to the mucosal layer just behind the glans.

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