Target cells are red blood cells that have a central area of hemoglobin surrounded by a ring of pallor, and then another outer ring of hemoglobin, making them look like a bullseye target. They appear when there is an imbalance between the surface area and the volume of the red cell membrane. While they can be seen in various conditions like liver disease and post-splenectomy, their classic association is with hemoglobinopathies. They are very common in hemoglobin C disease and sickle cell-hemoglobin C (SC) disease, and are also frequently observed in beta-thalassemia, where reduced hemoglobin production leads to cells with excess membrane relative to their content.

Break down complex topics into smaller, manageable chunks for easier recall.

Zambia

• Joseph Soko – 101 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies