DNA Methylation Analysis
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Pulmonary adenocarcinoma with lepidic pattern (formerly bronchioalveolar carcinoma) in cytology shows columnar cells with a hobnail appearance, arranged in flat sheets or three-dimensional clusters without stromal invasion. The cells have moderate cytoplasm, round to oval nuclei with fine chromatin, and sometimes prominent nucleoli. Psammoma bodies may be present. Because lepidic growth is along alveolar walls without destruction, cells may not exfoliate readily, making cytological detection challenging. This pattern is often peripheral and may present as ground-glass opacity. Distinction from reactive pneumocytes or Clara cells can be difficult; clinical-radiological correlation is important.
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