Marked nuclear pleomorphism with irregular chromatin distribution is the most specific feature for high-grade urothelial carcinoma in urine cytology. These malignant cells show significant variation in nuclear size and shape, hyperchromasia, coarse or clumped chromatin, and often prominent nucleoli. The nuclear membranes are irregular and may show grooves or indentations. While other conditions can cause nuclear enlargement, they typically lack the marked pleomorphism and chromatin abnormalities characteristic of high-grade carcinoma. This specificity makes urine cytology valuable for detecting aggressive bladder cancers.

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Zambia

• Joseph Soko – 101 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies