TGF-β induces cell cycle arrest in the late G1 phase, just before the commitment point to enter S-phase (DNA synthesis). It achieves this by upregulating CDK inhibitors (p15, p21) and repressing proteins like c-Myc and CDKs that are required for G1/S transition. This prevents the phosphorylation of pRb, keeping it in its active, growth-suppressive state.

Break down complex topics into smaller, manageable chunks for easier recall.

Zambia

• Joseph Soko – 101 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies