Ethical decision-making in clinical practice involves resolving dilemmas by applying ethical principles, considering values, and balancing competing obligations to provide morally justifiable care. Common dilemmas: end-of-life decisions; truth-telling; confidentiality breaches; resource allocation; and consent issues. Ethical principles: autonomy (respect choices); beneficence (do good); nonmaleficence (avoid harm); justice (fairness); fidelity (keep promises); veracity (truthfulness). Decision-making models: identify problem; gather information; identify principles; consider options; make decision; implement; evaluate. Nurses consult ethics committees for complex cases. Documentation should include ethical reasoning. Cultural and religious values influence perspectives. Advocacy involves supporting patient autonomy even when choices differ from medical advice. Moral distress occurs when unable to act on ethical beliefs. Ethical competence requires ongoing reflection and education. This ensures care aligns with professional values while respecting patient rights.

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Zambia

• loveness Phiri – 1084 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies