University revision · General and Systemic Pathology

Liver Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension

Question 1 of 3 Course: Biomedical Science(Degree)

Which organ is primarily affected in cirrhosis?

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Phimosis is a medical condition where the foreskin (prepuce) of the penis is too tight and cannot be retracted or pulled back over the glans (head of the penis). It is important to distinguish between two main types: physiological (congenital) phimosis and pathological (acquired) phimosis. Physiological phimosis is common in infants and young boys, where the foreskin is naturally non-retractable, and it often resolves on its own as the child grows. Pathological phimosis, however, develops later in life and is usually caused by inflammation, infection (like balanitis), trauma, or scarring diseases such as lichen sclerosus. This scarring causes the opening of the foreskin to become narrowed, making retraction difficult or impossible. Pathological phimosis can lead to complications such as pain during urination, ballooning of the foreskin, recurrent infections, and, in severe cases, interference with normal urination. Treatment options range from topical steroid creams to gentle stretching exercises and, in refractory cases, circumcision.

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