ESDA stands for **Electrostatic Detection Apparatus**. It is a non-destructive, highly sensitive instrument used primarily in questioned document examination to detect and visualize **indented writing**—the impressions left on sheets of paper beneath the one that was originally written on. When someone writes on the top page of a pad, pressure from the writing instrument compresses the paper fibers on the pages below, creating microscopic depressions that are invisible under normal light. ESDA works by placing the document on a vacuum platen, covering it with a thin conductive plastic film, and applying a high-voltage electrostatic charge. When fine toner particles are cascaded over the charged surface, they are preferentially attracted to the areas of higher charge density where the paper has been indented, forming a visible image of the writing. This technique is invaluable for recovering addresses, notes, or other text from notepads, ransom notes, or altered documents, often without damaging the original evidence. It can also sometimes determine the sequence of intersecting ink lines.

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Zambia

• Naomi Miselo – 31 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies