Pathogenesis & Immune Response

This topic examines how viruses cause disease (pathogenesis), including routes of entry, tissue tropism, spread (local, lymphatic, viremic), and direct cytopathic effects. It also covers the host's innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infection. For Zambian tertiary learners, this integrates virology with immunology and pathology, which is critical for understanding clinical manifestations, complications, and the body's defense mechanisms—key knowledge for exams and clinical practice.