Ensuring the drainage system remains below chest level and upright prevents complications in chest tube management. Key principles: keep drainage system below chest level (prevents backflow); ensure tubing unobstructed (no kinks, looping); maintain water seal (gentle tidaling normal, continuous bubbling indicates leak); assess drainage (amount, color, consistency - report >100 mL/hour); monitor for air leaks (bubbling in water seal chamber); assess respiratory status; secure connections; and have clamping equipment available (only clamp briefly for system change or if ordered for leak check). Never lift drainage system above chest level. Emergency: if drainage system breaks, submerge tube end in sterile water to maintain seal until new system. Chest tubes remove air/blood from pleural space allowing lung re-expansion. Nurses monitor for complications: tension pneumothorax (tracheal deviation, hypotension, respiratory distress - emergency requiring needle decompression); infection; and re-expansion pulmonary edema.

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Zambia

• loveness Phiri – 801 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies