University revision · Toxicology and Pharmacology

Renal Pharmacology and Diuretics

Question 1 of 26 Course: Biomedical Science(Degree)

Thiazide diuretics (like hydrochlorothiazide) are considered first-line agents for uncomplicated hypertension.

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In a well-estrogenized cervical smear from a reproductive-age woman, superficial squamous cells are the most mature epithelial cells and display characteristic features. They are large polygonal cells, typically 35-45 μm in diameter, with sharp, well-defined cell borders. Their cytoplasm is usually abundant and stains eosinophilic (pink/orange) due to keratin accumulation, though some may stain cyanophilic (blue-green). The most distinctive feature is their nucleus: it is small (approximately 5 μm), pyknotic (dense, dark, and structureless due to chromatin condensation), and often centrally located. These cells have a very low nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, with the nucleus occupying only a small fraction of the cell volume. The presence of numerous superficial cells with pyknotic nuclei indicates good estrogen effect and full epithelial maturation. This pattern contrasts with atrophic smears where parabasal cells predominate.

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