Pulmonary carcinosarcoma shows a biphasic pattern with both malignant epithelial (carcinoma) and malignant mesenchymal (sarcoma) components. The carcinoma component is usually squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma; the sarcoma component may show spindle cells, chondroid, or osteoid differentiation. Cytologically, one may see both epithelial malignant cells and spindle malignant cells. This rare tumor is aggressive. Diagnosis can be challenging on cytology alone as both components may not be sampled. Immunohistochemistry (epithelial markers positive in carcinoma, vimentin positive in sarcoma) helps. Distinction from pleomorphic carcinoma (which has sarcomatoid but not true heterologous elements) is important.

Break down complex topics into smaller, manageable chunks for easier recall.

Zambia

• loveness Phiri – 802 pts

• Visual Pathway Lesions
• Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Hallucinations and Delusions
• Antipsychotic Medications
• Emergency: Environmental Emergencies